http://rulrepository.ru.ac.bd/handle/123456789/28 Tue, 07 Apr 2026 21:40:18 GMT 2026-04-07T21:40:18Z http://rulrepository.ru.ac.bd/handle/123456789/728 Expansion of College Education: A Sociological Study of Some Selected Colleges in Rajshahi Division Hannan, Zohra The abnormal expansion of college education in Bangladesh raises questions and confusions regarding the justification of the establishment of colleges. Such situation needs sociological exploration for comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. This study was conducted on a sample of 44 nongovernmental colleges of Rajshahi division through extensive interview of the college management. However, secondary sources of information also consulted for review the overall construction of the problem. An exploration of the historical background of college education and higher education made it clear that Bangladesh has a very rich tradition of educational institutions and education management. Despite policy shifts and implementation of development plans during colonial and post-colonial periods, present day Bangladesh as an independent state yet to establish the right way of educational policy and management. Most of the recommendations of the Education Commissions and Five Years Plans were not implemented due to the reluctance and incapability of the then Pakistan government. As a result, the college education failed to reach its desired level of accomplishment during the Pakistan period. The situation continued even after the independence of Bangladesh. The government and policy makers lack seriousness in implementing a viable education policy and workable strategy. Consequently, the education sector still suffers from mismanagement and cannot progress without a viable education policy. Despite the recommendations by Education Commissions and Five-Year Plans nothing significant could have been done to develop the quality of college education and to stop the expansion of below standard college education. The establishment of National University in 1992 as an affiliating university was supposed to improve the standard of the affiliated colleges. The study found that the situation further aggravated under the incapable leadership of the National University. There is gross politicization at grassroots level during and after the. _ establishment of colleges. The political regimes have had immense negative impact on college management. The donation during employment of teachers and staffs has deteriorated the quality of teachers and performance of management. There is anomalies and lack of compliance in respect to the fulfillment of the requirements for affiliation. National University and Ministry of Education have failed to ensure the quality of college education and management. The purpose of establishing the colleges was self-employment of the newly educated unemployed persons. Moreover, the profiteering motive of establishing colleges seemed to be a case of commercialization of education throughout the country. The persons coming forward to establish colleges were the unemployed educated persons, political leaders, businessmen, etc. On the other hand, involvement of benevolent personalities, experienced teachers, social workers are decreasing gradually. Local influential and powerful political persons and businessmen are the main patrons of the newly established colleges. The purpose of the political persons as well as the businessmen is to receive share of the donation. Local political persons and their cronies are being nominated for membership in the Governing Bodies of the colleges. Clear inclination of the individuals of the management with the ruling party politics was ·found. Failure of complying with existing rules of the affiliating National University and Ministry of Education eased the expansion of colleges. The colleges are not properly fulfilling the requirements for affiliation. National University is granting affiliation to the below standard colleges. The monitoring system and teachers' training activities of National University are not sufficient enough to play any significant role in developing the standard of the colleges. The role of the Ministry of Education and its monitoring and training organizations are not encouraging. There are malpractices in case of inclusion in the Monthly Payment Order (MPO). Inspection by the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) of the colleges is irregular and inadequate. It was found that the quality of most of the college teachers is not satisfactory. Teachers do not take the required number of classes prescribed in the routine and they are engaged otherwise for extra income. The poor pay scale is also responsible for such situation. It was found that the colleges took no admission test during enrollment; the rate of passing is very low, students adopted unfair means in examinations and the rate of students' attendance is very poor. All these aggravated the quality of the college education. The management of the most colleges recruited teachers and staffs who could donate to the colleges. Political affiliation and identity of the job seekers rather than educational qualification and experience also received high consideration during appointments. The management look after personal economic profit and most of the management personnel were found inefficient and corrupt. The financial stability and support system of the colleges is also poor. In some cases, the reserve fund is satisfactory, but the condition of general fund is dis satisfactory; no college provides college portion salary to its employees regularly and they do not have adequate sources of income. The study found inadequate infrastructures and teaching aids, unsatisfactory performance of the colleges regarding co-curricular activities, and incapability of providing necessary facilities. Colleges do not have adequate furniture, library facilities and laboratory equipment’s. The tradition of higher education m Bangladesh is quite long and full of experiments. But unfortunately, after decolonization the legacy of colonial attitude in setting objective of higher education and educational management has not gone off. Bangladesh scenario today still suffers from gross anomalies in educational management, commercialization of education, and politicization of educational expansion. The expansion of college education is a result of easy affiliation rather than utility of education in society. This thesis is Submitted to the Department of Sociology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh for The Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://rulrepository.ru.ac.bd/handle/123456789/728 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z http://rulrepository.ru.ac.bd/handle/123456789/712 Problems and Prospects of Agricultural Change on Efforts to Development in Rural Areas of Bangladesh A Md. Repon, Abu Russel Agriculture has been the backbone of the economy in Bangladesh providing employment and source of livelihood for the increasing population. To improve agricultural productivity in rural areas of Bangladesh, a holistic solution rather mechanical, view of what drives and agricultural productivity need to be taken. This study has been conducted at Bilsha of Gurudaspur upazilla under the district of Natore in Bangladesh where all of the people directly or indirectly depend on agricultural production. People become happy in terms of any successful agricultural production and, also very unhappy and disappointed for the destruction of their production by any natural calamities or unfavorable conditions. After ‘Green Revolution’ agricultural production is increased more that is like High Yielding Varieties (HYV) produced more in the research area. Once upon a time they produced local varieties of crops that produced fewer amounts of crops like rice, mustard. The problems which are facing in the study area are identified by this research and also prospects in relation to agricultural production are also identified by this research. This research is completed through using sociological methods like social survey, case study and participatory rural appraisal, and tries to explore the agricultural change and its relations with development in rural areas of Bangladesh. Besides these, key informant interview method is also used in the present study. Through this research it is tried to know and identify the following subject matters: ►to know the socio-economic condition in terms of development of the rural people that are very much related with the agricultural production. ► to know the land tenure system in rural areas that is achieving and losing on the basis of successful agricultural production. ► to identify the nature of agricultural production and change that help to the real scenario of agricultural production in the study area and rural areas as well. . ► to investigate the nature of agro-ecological system that is important for agricultural production and soil fertility as well. ► to find out the environmental as well as climatic impact on agriculture that creates threat for the agricultural production in rural development. The major findings of the research are: agricultural production system has been changed in nature due to high yielding varieties and modern varieties crops, agricultural production has been increased because of high yielding varieties and modern varieties with respondent’s awareness, income has been increased in rural area for increasing agricultural production and creation of opportunities, savings has been increased in rural area due to the awareness and opportunities, occupational opportunities have been created in the rural area because of multiple crops production and other opportunities, tendency of taking education by the children has been increased because of creation opportunities and awareness of the respondents, the nature of land tenure system has been changed due to practice of leased and other systems, housing pattern has been developed in the rural area because of financial solvency and needs that imply the development of rural people, opportunities are creating in terms of development in rural area for multiple crops production and infrastructural development, agro-ecological system has been degraded due to over use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides, natural calamities create obstacle in agricultural production in many ways like draught, fog, hailstorm etc. Over all agricultural problems have negative impact on efforts to development and agricultural prospects have positive impact on efforts to development in the study area as well as rural areas of Bangladesh. This scenario imply that being an agricultural dominant country like Bangladesh has been improved remarkably in agriculture that helps to develop rural livelihood and opportunities in the rural areas of Bangladesh. This thesis is Submitted to the Department of Sociology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://rulrepository.ru.ac.bd/handle/123456789/712 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://rulrepository.ru.ac.bd/handle/123456789/642 Effect of Social Capital on Labour Market Attainments in Bangladesh Uddin, Mohammed Faruque “It’s not what you know, it’s who you know” - this common aphorism sums up much of the conventional wisdom regarding social capital. It is wisdom born of our experience that gaining membership to exclusive clubs requires inside contacts, that close competitions for jobs and contracts are usually won by those with “friends in high places.” When we fall upon hard times we know it is our friends and family who constitutes the final “safety net.” Conscientious parents devote hours of time to the school board and to helping their kids with homework, only to aware that a child’s intelligence and motivation are not enough to ensure a bright future. Less instrumentally, some of our happiest and most rewarding hours are spent talking with neighbors, sharing meals with friends, participating in religious gatherings, and volunteering on community projects. Unlike other forms of capital, social capital inheres in the structure of relations between actors and among actors. It is not lodged either in the actors themselves or in physical implements of production. Because purposive organizations can be actors just as persons can, relations among corporate actors can constitute social capital for them as well. For instance, being the sharing of information that allows price fixing in an industry. However, in the present research, the area of application to which researcher directs the study concern social capital as a resource for persons. There are many definitions attached to the concept, which leads to justifiable confusion about what constitutes “social capital.” This has been exacerbated by the different words used to refer to the term. These range from social energy, community spirit, social bonds, civic virtue, community networks, social ozone, extended friendships, community life, social resources, informal and formal networks, good neighborliness and social glue. Within these there are different conceptualizations depending on the theoretical background, which contribute to conceptual confusion. However, these confusions have not hampered production of academic papers. Before 1981, the number of journal articles listing social capital as a key word totaled 20, between 1991 and 1995 this has risen to 109, and between 1996 and March 1999 the total was 1003 (Baum, 2000). In contemporary period of time, innumerable sociological and interdisciplinary researches are being conducted all over the world concentrating on social capital. Researchers of social capital might come to a consensus concerning social capital that it would help in its measurement for an application in an organizational context. Social capital is a striking avenue and its presumed positive outcomes are often considered perceptive. However, because it is hard to encapsulate in a single sentence, and because its measurement continues to defy simple quantification, debates regarding its conceptualization continue. In addition, the lack of conceptual clarity has contributed to over versatility…………………. This thesis is Submitted to the Department of Sociology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://rulrepository.ru.ac.bd/handle/123456789/642 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z http://rulrepository.ru.ac.bd/handle/123456789/294 Hygiene Practice and Health Status of the Rural Women: A Study of a Village in the Northern Region of Bangladesh Al-Mamun, Md. Abdullah A common awareness on Sanitation, Health and Hygiene is examined a very disappointing situation among the rural women of the selected households. Illiteracy and un-consciousness, some in cases ignorance and poverty are the remarkable causes for these circumstances. Local culture and traditional movement for cases found as significant root causes for existing low Water, Sanitation and downbeat health promotion and practice. The research study has applied to find out the facts of lacks, gaps, causes and effects to meet the proper hygienic situation; chiefly the rural household women those who are directly connected with food processing, distribution and other vital domestic tasks as well. This study is taken place in Kauafanda village of Gojghonta union under Gongachara sub-district (Upazila) of Rangpur district. A total 100 households are selected for this study where the housewives are considered as the key respondents. The study raveled the remarkable findings as follows: ◊ Among the households, 80% are dependents on the agriculture direct or indirectly. This is commonly a below poverty line area and their concentration is centered to only be alive containing the basic needs than health and sanitation. This is a disaster prone revering area where most of the households are affected by river erosion by Tista. ◊ The respondents conception on safe water and Hygienic latrine, these consequences over health and environment is found very low and substandard. Their health status is stating at low level where health consciousness, treatment tendency is covered some traditional moods, believes and cultures found touched with local orthodox. As a result, they became looser in financial aspects which effected over all their livelihoods. ◊ In the questions of Hygiene promotion, Hand washing after different critical times treated as very important to keep the hygiene promotion habits continue. The respondent households are covered negligence and ignorance habits of hand washing and other sector of Hygiene as well. Food Hygiene, Environmental hygiene is also got lack of awareness and education on proper practices found. The main sensitive factor of women is the Menstrual Hygiene which reflects a narrow and unsatisfactory scenario in this study. Women are still using the rags, managing those in dark and dirty places. They are facing different respiratory track infectious diseases all the time, Loosing work forces and other interventions of life, declining financial strength. The study is a symbol of rural women as well as the rural living standard of Health and Hygiene, though the women are the actors here, but this is generally habituated conditions of the rural villagers. Sanitation movement and Health status improvement is obviously difficult with exists of this scenario. The study has given some recommendations in different parts of its discussion. This thesis is Submitted to the Department of Sociology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://rulrepository.ru.ac.bd/handle/123456789/294 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z