Department of Geology and Mining

Petrogenesis of Iron ORE Deposits in Hakimpur, Dinajpur District, Bangladesh

2025-11-27T05:50:55Z

Petrogenesis of Iron ORE Deposits in Hakimpur, Dinajpur District, Bangladesh Hasan, A.S.M. Mehedi In Bangladesh, Hakimpur iron deposits has just primarily discovered in Rangpur saddle. In this research, for understanding the tectonogenesis with different rock types and geochronology, the data were obtained from thin section petrography, XRF (X-ray fluorescence), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), EPMA (Electron Microprobe Analyzer), FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), petrography and Raman spectroscopy of fluid inclusion. The Fe-rich deposits in Hakimpur (Bangladesh) are characteristically superior-type banded iron formation (BIF) that shows alternating quartz-rich light and magnetite-rich dark bands, constituting chiefly of opaque minerals (i.e., magnetite, hematite and/or limonite) (35–45 %) and quartz (20–23 %). The BIF bands are found interleaved with amphibolite, biotite schist, and quartzite. The average concentrations of Al2O3, TiO2 and ∑REE in the Hakimpur BIFs are 0.95 wt.%, 0.11 wt.% and 133.75 ppm, respectively. These values indicate that the Hakimpur iron deposits primarily originate from iron-rich chemical sediments, possibly influenced by the addition of terrestrial or volcanic materials. However, markedly low content of trace element compositions such as Cr (<20–110 ppm), Ni (<20–70 ppm), Co (1–43 ppm), V (<5–292 ppm) and Sc (5–54 ppm) clearly indicate the incorporation of terrigenous sediments with passively volcanic materials. REE–Y signatures, Eu/Eu*PAAS, Y/Ho, Eu/Sm and Sm/Yb ratios also suggest the Hakimpur BIFs formed through the precipitation of a blend of low-temperature hydrothermal fluids and seawater, accompanied by a notable detrital contribution. The presence of negative CePAAS anomalies indicates the impact of the global 'Great Oxidation Event' during the depositional period. The combination of geochemical analysis and petrographic investigations reveals that the BIF and rocks associated with BIF originate from chemically precipitated sedimentary origin or sedimentary protoliths. The evidence of isotope (δ18O) and fluid inclusion reflect clay minerals were altered during diagenesis and metamorphism in the sediments as- clay (illite) → chlorite → biotite → amphibole, which is also evident in petrographic results by biotitization, chloritization, silicification, epidotization and saussuritization. The U-Th-Pb geochronological analysis of monazite chemistry provides evidence suggesting that the deposit underwent a solitary medium- grade metamorphic event at 1728±28 Ma (1.73 Ga), coinciding with the magmatic event in the basement rocks of Bangladesh at that time. The metamorphism was took place by the hydrothermal action in orogenic system during concurrent magmatism of Palaeoproterozoic basement complex. Minerals chemistry of amphiboles and biotites of the BIF-hosted rocks also supported this view of the calc-alkaline subduction related orogenic system as demonstrated in the tectonogenetic model. Furthermore, thermobarometric analysis and assessment of oxygen fugacity based on studied minerals such as amphibole (T= 591‒621 °C and P= 6‒8 kbar), biotite (T= 511–582 °C), zircon (T= 677–692 °C), and coexisting magnetite and ilmenite assemblages (T= 522–809 °C and fo2= 10-23.9 to 10-11.9) indicate that the rocks associated with BIF experienced a medium to high-grade metamorphism. This aligns largely with the crystalline temperature characteristics of the basement rock in Bangladesh. This Thesis is Submitted to the Department of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh for The Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil).

Impacts of Trace Metal Pollution in the Ship Breaking Areas, Chattagram, Bangladesh

2025-11-27T05:49:05Z

Impacts of Trace Metal Pollution in the Ship Breaking Areas, Chattagram, Bangladesh Hasan, Mst. Asma Binta The current investigation indicates possible trace metal accumulation in groundwater, sea water and sediments due to ship breaking activity along the coast of Bay of Bengal in Sitakund Upazilla, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Sediment were collected from the ship-breaking industrial region of Bangladesh, and eleven trace metals (Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, As, Pb, and Ag) were measured by an atomic absorption spectrometer. The goal was to determine origin, the extent of sediment contamination, their regional distributions, and associated ecological and human health hazards. This study found considerable quantities of Pb, Cd, Mn, Zn, and Cu when compared the analyzed trace metals with standards. The results of indices e.g. enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF) and nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) showed nearly all of the sediment samples had high levels of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, As, and Ag contamination. The pollution load index (PLI) and total toxic unit (TU) values divulged that most of the sediments were highly polluted. Spatial distribution maps indicate that trace metals were predominantly deposited in the northern and southern parts of the region rather than the central part. While the highest health index (HI) values for Mn, Pb, Cr, As, Fe, Cu, Ni, and Co for children were close to the threshold value and the HI values of Zn for both adults and children were higher than the safe limit, all other HI values for adults, with the exception of Zn, were below this limit. For children, the mean total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values of Cr, As, and Ni exceeded the permissible threshold, whereas for adults, the mean TCR values of Ni above the permissible level. The cancer risk possibilities in three pathways were further assessed using Monte Carlo simulation which demonstrated long term exposure of these metals escalated the probabilities of carcinogenic risk. The majority of trace metals have anthropogenic origins, which was attributed to ship breaking activities, based on Pearson correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. Moreover, the concentrations of eleven trace metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, As and Ag) were assessed in both groundwater and seawater collected from the ship breaking industrial area of Bangladesh using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The investigation aimed to estimate the water quality and pollution level employing several indices, and its associated health risks for the first time in that area. This study found that Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Mn, and Ni were higher in both groundwater and seawater compared with WHO standards. Based on the WQI (Water Quality Index) and EWQI (Entropy Water Quality Index) classifications, the quality of most of the groundwater is extremely poor or unsuitable for drinking purposes. Furthermore, the HPI (Heavy Metal Pollution Index), HEI (Heavy Metal Evaluation Index), and CD (Degree of Contamination) values of most groundwater and all seawater samples exhibit a higher degree of pollution. In addition, the results of NI (Nemerow Pollution Index) come to an end that both groundwater and seawater in the study area are mostly polluted by Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr and Cd. Although the HI (Hazard Quotient Index) values of almost all studied trace metals in both cases of adults and children are within the safe limit, the HI value of Cr for an adult is near the threshold limit and the maximum HI value of Cr for children exceeds this limit. The carcinogenic risk reveals that Cr, Pb, As and Cd produce detrimental effects on local people through the direct ingestion of groundwater. The pollution source is identified using principal component analysis and a Pearson correlation matrix as being primarily anthropogenic and attributed to intensive ship breaking activities or other industries in the area. In addition, the study examined the amounts of trace metals in human bodies and their geographical distribution by analyzing hair and nails samples from individuals who either live near the ship breaking industrial region or are involved in ship breaking operations. Comparing hair and nail samples to other researchs, high concentrations of trace metals were found. Male participants showed considerably greater amount of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Fe, and Zn in their hair and Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, and Mn in their nail samples than female participants. This suggests that males are more exposed to these metals because they work in the ship breaking industry more frequently and intensely. Additionally, hair samples and nail samples from ship breaking workers had much greater concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, and Zn than those detected in the local population. While the mean concentrations of several hazardous metals, including Pb, Cd, As, Co, and Be, in nail samples show a positive correlation with age, there is no apparent connection between the trace metal contents in hair samples and age. The spatial distribution maps demonstrate that the unions of Bhatiari, Sonaichhari, and Banshbaria have the highest amounts of the majority of the trace metals. The findings for the Se/trace metal molar ratio indicate the potential of toxicity for each trace metal under study. Yet, Se has the ability to detoxicated most of the human body's Cd. The bulk of these trace metals have anthropogenic origins mostly related to ship breaking activities, according to observations from principal component analysis and Pearson correlation matrix. This Thesis is Submitted to the Department of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil)

Sedimentology And Hydrogeochemistry Of The Tista River, Rangpur Division, Bangladeshsedimentology And Hydrogeochemistry Of The Tista River, Rangpur Division, Bangladesh

2023-08-29T08:06:41Z

Sedimentology And Hydrogeochemistry Of The Tista River, Rangpur Division, Bangladeshsedimentology And Hydrogeochemistry Of The Tista River, Rangpur Division, Bangladesh Saha, Sudip The present research work is dealt with the study of sedimentology and hydrogeochemistry of the Tista River and its adjoining area, Rangpur division, Bangladesh. Sediments of the Tista River are composed of the sand particles that are laden with cobbles and pebbles. Percentage of sand towards downstream direction is decreased with respect to increasing fraction of mud. The unimodal distribution of the sediments indicates of single source for the studied sediment samples. About sixty percent of the studied sands are very fine sand. The well sorted nature of the sand is suggestive of effective transporting capacity of the sand particles. The skewness values vary from -0.41 to 0.35 indicating the mixture of both coarse fraction and fine fraction within the sediments. Most of th􀀖 samples are leptokurtic and 11 % are mesokurtic. Plots of mean size and sorting suggest that the sands are hydraulically controlled. Lithofacies matrix supported coBglomerate (Gms), massive sand (Sm), trough cross stratified sand (St), planar cross stratified sand (Sp), ripple laminated sand (Sr), parallel laminated sand (Sh), clay with silt (Fl) and massive clay (Fm) were recognized in the exposed lithosuccession of the Tista River. The channel deposits are formed under high energy conditions. The overbank fine sediments are constituted by the facies of Sr, Sh, Fl and Fm covering the uppermost pai1 of the lithosuccession. The finer sediments are the suspension products of floodplains or back swamps The minerals of illite group are the major clay sized minerals in Tista River deposits with quartz, feldspar, chlorite and kaolinite. The minerals that are found in trace quantities include lavendulan, lepidolite, enstatite, sekaninaite and ferrierite. The low illite crystallinity indices indicate that the mechanically formed illites are well crystallized. The present study shows that the sediments are acidic in nature which reflects that they are derived from acid rocks. The mean EC value of the sediments was 1.16 ds/m that indicates very low or negligible effects of salinity of the sediments. The Recent deposits of the Tista River contain low amounts of total organic carbon. The average concentration of N is 0.0268%. The concentrations of iron vary from 24367.4 mg/kg to 2789l mg/kg with the mean concentrations of 26310. 77 mg/kg. Sulphur is significantly positively correlated with copper and zinc (p<0.05) and insignificantly positively correlated with arsenic content of the sediments that indicates that the copper and zinc occur as sulphide minerals. This Thesis is Submitted to the Department of Geology and Mining , University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh for The Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil)

Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh: A Sustainable Mitigation Option

2022-12-21T04:33:33Z

Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh: A Sustainable Mitigation Option Islam, Md. Shariful About 97% Bangladeshi people use tube well water for drinking purposes. In recent time, this water has been found to contain arsenic concentration above the permissible limit. Arsenic contaminated groundwater has already become a health hazard for a large part of the population. People with long-term exposure to arsenic polluted groundwater have been affected by arsenicosis as well as related complications; and some people are reported to have died. To mitigate the arsenic contaminated groundwater problem, a sustainable mitigation is needed in the country immediately. From this point of view, an attempt has been taken to develop a sustainable mitigation technique in the present research. The developed mitigation system has been implemented in Rajarampur, a severely arsenic affected village of Chapainawabganj district. Rajarampur was selected as the site for field implementation as it has now been established as a hotspot of arsenic contaminated groundwater. It is a semi-urban locality of Nawabganj Municipality situated in northwestern Bangladesh. Physiographically, the study area lies within Ganges-Mahananda flood plain characterized by gentle topography with a mean elevation ranges from 20 meter to 25 meter. Geologically, it lies in the Rangpur Platform, which is a stable part of the Bengal Basin. Stratigraphically, the study area is characterized by a thick sequence of Cretaceous to Recent sediments overlying the Archean basement thickness of the Quaternary sediment of the area is, 60 meter to 111 meter. In the early 1990s, high concentrations of arsenic were first reported in the groundwater of Chapainawabganj of Bangladesh. It is estimated that about 25 million people are exposed to arsenic contamination, 59 districts out of 64 have arsenic contaminated groundwater, 249 upazilas out of 467 affected, and over 7000 patients have been identified. About 27% of shallow tube wells exceed the Bangladesh standard limit (0.05 ppm) and 42% exceed the WHO guideline value (0.01) for arsenic in drinking water. In the Rajarampur village, the arsenic concentration ranges from 0.035 to 1.08 ppm. On basis of regional groundwater development potentiality, the study area is characterized by simple geology comprising younger alluvium. According to the UNDP Classification (1982), the area belongs to zone F, which covers the flood plain of Rajshahi district. National Water Plan of WARPO (former MPO), however, puts the area in the catchment area no 31 of planing area no 12 of the NW region in the Catchment Planing and Regions Map of Bangladesh. According to the geological cross sections constructed on the basis bore log data, it is inferred that the aquifer of study area is more of less confined. The aquifer mostly overlies the Barind Clay layer, and sometimes the Trap Wash. According to the BOS & MML, there are three known water-bearing layers in the area. The thickness of these layers are 1 0 to 50 meter, 20 meter and 10 to 60 meter respectively The horizontal/vertical permeability of these layers is 1/0.1 to 10/1 m/d, to 20/2 mid and 1/0.1 to 50/5 mid respectively. The confined/unconfined storage of these layers is 0.001/0.1 to 0.1, 0.001/0.15 and 0.001/0.2 respectively. The porosity of these the layers is 0.1, 0.4 and .04. From the chemical analyses of groundwater of the study area it shows that the pH of groundwater ranges from 7.5 to 9.8; EC concentration ranges from 550 μSiem to 745 ~tS/cm; TDS concentration ranges from 357.5 ppm 484.25 ppm; Ca2+ concentration ranges from 67 .13 ppm to 150 ppm; Mg2+ from 2 ppm to 41.63 ppm; Na+ from 1.25 ppm to 15 ppm; K+ from 0.3 to 7.2 ppm; Fe total from 0.11 ppm to 6.4 ppm; HCO3- from 273 ppm to 483 ppm; er from 12.00 ppm to 23.37 ppm; so/· from 0.00 ppm to 1.00 ppm; NO3- from 0.00 ppm to 1.00 ppm; As from 0.035 ppm to 1.8 ppm; and the total hardness from 239.46 ppm to 367.68 ppm.------ This Thesis is Submitted to the Department of Geology and Mining , University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh for The Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil)